14 principles of management

history of management

According to Mitic (2011), management in its historical form exists from the beginning of human civilization, but its modern concept can be connected to the middle 19th century. To the very affirmation of management have contributed new knowledge from the fields of science, techniques and technology. We can also by mean of management, connect and reconcile different functions, various professional skills, efficiencies and experiences.

According to Galabawa (2001), the practice of management is as old as human civilization. The early civilization of Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire could not have existed had there not been well developed administrative organizations and procedures. George (1968) and Mooney (1960, p.63) in their study of the historical development of management observed that, ’The real secret of the greatness of the Romans was their genius for organization’. The judgment is derived from investigations of the Roman’s use of certain principles of organization to coordinate the diverse activities of the empire for the attainment of effective and efficient administration.

George (1968, p 3-26) observes that management was quite widespread through the civilizations of Europe and Northern Africa and their literature made reference to such management concepts as planning, staff assistance, division of labour, control and leadership. He further reports that Greeks recognized the relationship between efficiency in manual work and standard motions and thus introduced tempo and rhythm into the work place through the use of musical accompaniment. The feudal system brought with it the decentralization of government organization contrary to the centralized systems of the Greek and Roman era. The system introduced all the usual problems associated with the management of a decentralized organization including delegation of authority, decision making and accountability (p 15).

According to Kumari (2012), the history of management dates back during the year of (1870-1974) where rapid exchange of economics in terms of capital, trade and migration of people took place. Transport-communication and development in this field of management lead the globalization and make management one of the important aspects of the World.

Basically, it can be said that the primary function of management in any organization including school as an organization is determined by the proper use of the production elements, like the man power and the material elements, to achieve its objectives as effectively as possible. Several research studies confirm that the individual based on his possessed skills, capabilities and motives is considered a key element in achieving the productive efficiency of business organization including school (Almusaileem, 2012).

14 principles of management - Henri Fayol

In 1916, Henri Fayol has played a key role in management literature and listed 14 principles of management as follows:-

1. Division of work - develops practice and formality.
2. Authority - the right to give order.
3. Discipline - respect.
4. Unity of command - one man one superior.
5. Unity of direction - one head, one plan for group of activities with the same objectives.
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interests.
7. Remuneration - fair for both employees and firms.
8. Centralization - should always be there.
9. Scalar chain - line of authority from top to bottom.
10. Order - a place for everything and everything in its place, the right man in the right place.
11. Equity – a combination of kindness and justice towards employees.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel – time for setting.
13. Initiatives – all staff to be allowed to show initiative.
14. Espirit de corpus – team work should be encouraged.

management functions

Henri Fayol sought out the management functions are to organize, plan, command, coordinate and control. These functions elaborated briefly by Hellriegal and Slocum (1982 p.56) as follows:-

Planning:

is the responsibility of management and involves forecasting and preparing to meet the future.

Commanding:

the directing and structuring of subordinates tasks based on authority and level the manager in the organizations hierarchy.

Coordination:

According to Fayol is the means through which organization and its manager achieves goals.

Control:

managers can check the actual performance of subordinates against organizations, rules, regulations and standards.